The basic answer is that certain materials are used to harness the sun’s energy and convert it directly into electricity which can be used to power electronic devices. But it’s a little more complicated.
Today’s production of solar panels consists of using supremely pure silicone semi-conductor materials. Electrons are discharged from silicon semi-conductors when placed in sun light. This creates a voltage difference as well as a flow of electricity. A solar panel is also called a ‘direct energy conversion device’ since all of these effects are taking place on an atomic level minus any moving parts.
Space age technology used to be the only place you would find photovoltaic panels in use. The space station and satellites used them as a reliable conversion of solar power. The sun’s radiation is 50% stronger in outer space giving solar energy an advantage in that environment. Solar energy devices have been used extensively in the space program.
Those living far from an electrical grid, more than a mile, are more likely to use photovoltaic technology, especially in residential homes. Power transmission cables are much more expensive to install than a solar panel power array. It’s a good idea to consider solar power and your energy source if your are a long distance from the power grid.
For solar panels to work efficiently, a sunny location is mandatory. Beam radiation is the most effective since it’s the strongest. Most of Western America qualifies…those states are good candidates for the use of solar energy, but northern climates and coastal states are usually quite cloud-laden and sadly, not worthy of 100% solar-reliance. You can search online for “solar insolation rates” to determine if your area is suitable for a solar energy system.
Solar panels can be built to handle your needs. The most common DC systems are rated 12 volt, 24 volt, and 48 volt. Solar panels have efficiencies in the range of 12-14% and can have a life expectancy of over 20 years.